BMS107 Chapter 9 Outline & Questions in McKinley & O'Laughlin
Outlines | Home
  1. "arthron" = joint
  2. Classification of Articulations (Joints)
    1. Structural Categories (are based on strutures of the joints)
      1. fibrous joints - bones are interconnected by dense connective tissue; examples include sutures, periodontal ligaments, interosseous membranes
      2. cartilaginous joints - bones are attached to each other by cartilage; examples include symphyses (symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs)
      3. synovial joints (functionally, synovial joints are _?_)
    2. Functional Categories (are based on degree of "movability")
      1. synarthroses (immovable)
      2. amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
      3. diarthroses (freely movable) (structurally, diarthroses are _?_)

  3. Synovial Joints
    1. General Anatomy
      1. joint cavity - the bones are separated by a potential space
      2. articular cartilage - reduces friction during movement and acts as spongy cushion
      3. articular capsule
        • fibrous capsule (outer layer) - dense connective tissue, prevents bones from being pulled apart
        • synovial membrane (inner layer) - secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates & nourishes articular cartilages
      4. ligaments - bind bone to bone
        • extrinsic ligaments - outside of and separate from joint capsule
        • intrinsic ligaments = thickenings of articular capsule
      5. accessory structures
        • bursae
          • fibrous sacs, contain synovial membranes and synovial fluid
          • found around joints and where bones, ligaments, etc. could rub together
          • tendon sheath - bursa wrapped around a tendon (common in wrist and ankle)
        • tendons (attach muscles to bones) - pass across or around joints and stabilize them

  4. Movements at Synovial Joints
    • Angular Motion
      • abduction / adduction
      • flexion / extension / hyperextension (arm, forearm, thigh, leg, etc.)
      • circumduction
    • Rotational Motion - medial rotation / lateral rotation
    • Special Movements
      • elevation / depression
      • dorsiflexion / plantarflexion
      • eversion / inversion
      • pronation / supination
      • protraction / retraction
      • opposition

  5. Selected Articulations
    • glenohumeral joint
      • glenoid labrum - fibrocartilaginous, encircles glenoid cavity
    • elbow joint = humeroulnar joint + humeroradial joint ( + proximal radioulnar joint )
    • coxal joint
    • tibiofemoral joint (primarily a hinge joint)
      • lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament
      • medial meniscus, lateral meniscus
      • anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament
    • talocrural joint
    • intervertebral articulations
      • intervertebral discs
        • anulus fibrosis - tough outer layer of fibrocartilage
        • nucleus pulposis - inner gelatinous core
      • synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articulating processes
Chapter 9 Questions
    In Textbook, Second Edition
  • What Did You Learn? - 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10
  • What Do You Think? - 2, 3, 4
  • Matching - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9
  • Multiple Choice - 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10
  • Content Review - 1, 2, 4, 6, 9
At Publisher's Web Site
 Simple Multiple Choice - 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30
Difficult Multiple Choice - 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24
Challenge Yourself - 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10
Outlines | Home
Spring 2009